![]() The second subtask requires judging whether the forward is actively involved in play or gaining an advantage from being in the offside position ( Wühr et al., 2015). The first subtask requires perceiving the position of the forward from team A in relation to the last defender of team B (who is, in most cases, the second last opponent before the goal keeper) at the moment when another player from team A touches or plays the ball. It follows from the rule that judging offside includes two subtasks. The phrase “nearer to his opponents’ goal line” refers to those body parts that could be used to score a goal (i.e., all body parts except arms and hands). It is important to note that the number of offside offenses fell after the implementation of VAR. ![]() However, the English Premier League had the greatest value in the touch differential, pass differential, successful pass differential, and key pass differential among all leagues. Offside offenses per match were higher in the German Bundesliga and Spanish La Liga than in the English Premier League and France Ligue 1. In contrast, moderate increases were evident for all passing differential variables. ![]() The total offside offenses committed during a match experienced a clear decline during the 10 seasons. Two-way ANOVA analyses revealed significant league and seasonal differences among the five leagues (medium effect size). Match performance observations ( n = 18 259) were analysed for emergent trends. This study examined the evolution of offside offenses and pass performance across a 10-season period in the top five European soccer leagues. School of Physical Education and Health, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China. ![]()
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